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Mario Zanin (bishop)
Mario Zanin (1890–1958), sometimes referred to by the French form of his name, Marius Zanin, and also known by the Chinese name 蔡寧, Cài Níng, was an Italian prelate and papal diplomat. He served as Apostolic Delegate to China from 1933 to 1946, as Apostolic Nuncio to Chile from 1947 to 1953, and as Apostolic Nuncio to Argentina from 1953 to 1958.
==China==
As Apostolic Delegate in China Zanin did not have the rank of a Vatican ambassador to the Chinese government.〔Beatrice Leung, ''(Sino-Vatican Relations )'' (Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 44.〕 He was nevertheless accorded the honours reserved for Ministers Plenipotentiary.〔(China: The Apostolic Delegate Honoured ), ''The Tablet'', 2 June 1934.〕
In 1939, After the Japanese conquest of Nanjing, Zanin remained in occupied territory,〔Pierre Blet, ''(Pius XII and the Second World War )'' (Paulist Press, 1999), p. 131.〕 delegating to an American Franciscan his authority regarding the area held by the Chinese government, whose provisional capital was Chongqing.〔
In the occupied area, Catholics, like most people, adjusted to Japanese rule. In some locales, Catholics tried to work with the new authorities. Zanin received complaints about missionaries who showed sympathy with the occupiers. On the other hand, after the killing, near a mission headquarters, of Chinese soldiers under Japanese command, some 60 Catholics, including a bishop, thought to have been involved were arrested with the intention of subjecting them to court-martial, but after intervention by the French diplomatic representatives were, except for one priest, released on condition that the bishop, who had previously refused to meet the Japanese authorities, be removed from his post.〔 Missionaries were interned, and some were killed.〔(Nicholas Standaert, R.G. Tiedemann (editors), ''Handbook of Christianity in China'', vol. 2 (BRILL 2012 ISBN 978-90-0411430-2), p. 521 )〕 Zanin mandated strict neutrality, asking the bishops to tell their priests "to avoid even the appearance of any action that ... could give an excuse for retribution against the mission residences. ... Do not let the whole community perish on account of one person's imprudence."〔(Ernest P. Young, ''Ecclesiastical Colony'' (Oxford University Press 2013 ISBN 978-0-19992462-2), p. 249 )〕 This was unpopular with those who advocated a different stance.〔Raymond Pong and Carlo Caldarola, "China: Religion in a Revolutionary Society", in ''Religions and Societies: Asia and the Middle East'', edited by Carlo Caldarola (Berlin, 1982), p. 573.〕 and led to formal representations from Chiang Kai-shek's government.〔Young (2013), p. 340n〕
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